Molybdenum

Chemical element

Molybdenum (42Mo) is a chemical element that was first isolated from molybdenite (MoS₂), a naturally occurring mineral. Historically, molybdenite was often confused with lead ores, which led to its name being derived from the Greek word molybdos (μόλυβδος), meaning lead. Although molybdenum shares some physical properties with graphite, such as a metallic luster and layered crystal structure, it is generally harder and produces a cold black pigment, while graphite is typically dark grey and softer.

Molybdenum is notable for its exceptionally high melting point of 2,623°C, making it one of the most heat-resistant metals. This property made it highly valuable in military applications during both World Wars, particularly in artillery, tank armor, and armor-piercing shells. Molybdenum strengthens steel alloys, enhancing their durability, hardness, and resistance to heat, which led to it being dubbed the "war metal."

During World War II, Germany’s access to American molybdenum supplies was cut off due to Allied trade restrictions, forcing them to seek alternative sources in Europe. This led to the occupation of regions rich in molybdenum, such as Knaben in Norway, which was strategically important due to being the only active European molybdenum mine.

Today, molybdenum is primarily used in stainless steel production, where it improves corrosion resistance, and in lubricants (molybdenum disulfide grease), which are valued for their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and pressures. Once considered rare and strategically significant, molybdenum has become a commodity metal, and its extraction in Norway has been deemed economically unviable due to market conditions and profitability concerns.